How exactly does MIDI clock and tempo synchronization work in digital drum kits and sequencers? How often is the clock signal sent, what role does the PPQN (pulses per quarter note) value play in this signal, and how does this mechanism ensure rhythmic alignment between different devices? What kind of experience have you had with it?
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MIDI clock actually operates on a 24 PPQN (pulses per quarter note) basis, meaning it sends 24 "ticks" per quarter note per second. Most modern drum kits and sequencers can send these ticks at finer resolutions like 48 PPQN or 96 PPQN, allowing for more precise swing and micro-timing adjustments. The clock signal is typically sent at around 480 Hz (24 PPQN × tempo × 2); so at a tempo of 120 BPM, you get 2,880 ticks per minute (24 × 120). These ticks ensure rhythmic alignment across all connected devices by distributing the same "metronome," with each device using the ticks to place its own "play-head" and notes.
In my setup, I have an Elektron Digitone and an Ableton Live session both using 96 PPQN. I send the clock from the "MIDI out" to the Digitone, then route it from the Digitone's "MIDI thru" to Ableton, so both devices sync at 96 PPQN. When I set the swing to 12%, both devices lock into the same feel. Bro, if you're experiencing tempo drift, first make sure all devices have their Clock Mode set to "External" or "MIDI Clock," then set the same PPQN value (usually 96) on both the hardware and DAW. Also, sending "MIDI Start/Stop" messages on the same channel ensures the devices start and stop in perfect sync—this setup almost eliminates drift within a couple of bars. I reckon the cleanest solution is to connect all devices to the same MIDI Clock source and keep the PPQN consistent, then fine-tune the rhythm with a slight microsecond adjustment in the "Sync Offset" settings.