I was wondering, what are the methods for measuring heart rate and analyzing heart rhythm in smartwatches? Can we get this information without specifying a particular brand? Basically, what sensors are used and how do they work? For example, do they use light or something else?
How do smartwatches read sensors?
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Aa buddy, when it comes to pulse measurement, there are generally two methods used: green light (PPG) and electrical signals (ECG). Honestly, the most common one is PPG, meaning those green LEDs. They detect the pulse rhythm by measuring the changes in how blood absorbs light. The sensor on the back of the watch makes direct contact with the skin, continuously shining light and measuring the reflection. ECG-style measurements (like on the Apple Watch), on the other hand, detect heartbeats directly from electrical signals via electrodes—they’re more accurate but not available on every watch.
If you're worried about budget, I’d say PPG-equipped watches already give pretty good results, so you usually don’t need ECG. I was honestly surprised how close my cheap Fossil watch got to the actual measurement.