Smartwatches typically measure heart rate using optical sensors and PPG (Photoplethysmography). The green light sensors detect changes in blood flow as they make contact with the skin and calculate the heart rate. So, what factors could affect the accuracy of this method?
How do smartwatches measure heart rate?
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PPG's biggest drawback is that the sensor doesn't make good contact with the skin. For example, when I wear my watch at night, it feels a bit loose, so I get gaps in my morning readings.