Can someone explain how systemd interacts with Linux control groups to enforce resource limits for services? I'm aware that systemd creates a slice hierarchy and can set CPU, memory, and I/O quotas, but the exact mechanism—how unit files translate into cgroup parameters and how the kernel enforces them—remains fuzzy. Additionally, how does this differ from using raw cgroup commands manually? Looking for a high‑level overview and any pitfalls to watch out for.
Understanding systemd's cgroup integration: resource management basics
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Thanks for the clear summary! In short, systemd creates a slice or scope for each unit and writes the limits you specify (e.g., CPUQuota=, MemoryMax=) into the appropriate cgroup files under /sys/fs/cgroup, letting the kernel enforce the resources just like manual cgroup writes—but systemd also tracks the hierarchy, applies defaults, and cleans up after the service, which is where most pitfalls hide (e.g., forgetting to set the right slice or mixing v1/v2 syntax). Have you noticed any odd behavior when mixing CPUQuota with a custom slice?